Consider the following statements:
(i) In connection-oriented approach, network layer first makes a connection.
(ii) IP protocol uses connection-oriented routing.
a. Only (i) is true
b. Only (ii) is true
C. Both (i) and (ii) are true.
d. Both (i) and (ii) are false.
The correct answer is:
d. Both (i) and (ii) are false.
Explanation:
(i) In a connection-oriented approach, the transport layer (e.g., TCP) is responsible for establishing a connection before data transfer, not the network layer. The network layer (e.g., IP) deals with logical addressing, routing, and packet forwarding, but it doesn't establish connections.
(ii) The IP protocol (Internet Protocol) uses a connectionless approach, not a connection-oriented one. IP is a connectionless protocol that operates at the network layer and is used for routing and forwarding packets across networks. It doesn't establish or maintain connections between sender and receiver like connection-oriented protocols do.
Therefore, both statements (i) and (ii) are false.
Which of the following is/are true for default route?
a. Default route is used when no specific address for next hop is available.
b. In routing table default route is specified by an address 0.0.0.0.
c. In routing table default route is specified by an address 255.255.255.255.
d. In routing table default route is specified by an address 127.0.0.1.
e. None of these.
The true statements are:
a. Default route is used when no specific address for the next hop is available.
b. In the routing table, the default route is specified by an address 0.0.0.0.
Explanation:
a. True. A default route, also known as the default gateway, is used when there is no specific route entry in the routing table for the destination address of an outgoing packet. It is used as a catch-all route for packets that are destined for addresses outside the local network.
b. True. In the routing table, a default route is typically represented by an entry with the destination IP address set to 0.0.0.0. This entry signifies that any packet with a destination address not explicitly listed in the routing table should be forwarded to the next hop specified in the default route entry.
c. False. The address 255.255.255.255 is used for broadcast, not for specifying a default route.
d. False. The address 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address used for testing network functionality on the local machine. It is not used to specify a default route.
So, the correct answer is: a and b.
Which of the following is/are true for static routing?
a. In static routing routes are user defined.
b. In static routing, routing table updates periodically depending on the network condition.
c. Static routing is easy to configure.
d. None of these.
The true statement(s) is/are:
a. In static routing routes are user defined.
c. Static routing is easy to configure.
Explanation:
a. True. In static routing, routes are manually configured by the network administrator. Instead of relying on dynamic protocols to determine the best paths, the administrator specifies the routes explicitly.
b. False. In static routing, the routing table does not update automatically or periodically based on network conditions. It remains static unless manually changed by the network administrator.
c. True. Static routing is generally easier to configure compared to dynamic routing protocols. It involves setting up routes manually, and it can be a suitable option for small networks or when network topology changes are infrequent.
d. False. As explained above, options a and c are true for static routing.
So, the correct answer is: a and c.
Which of the following routing flags indicates that the router is up and running?
a. U
b. G
c. H
d. D
e. M
The routing flag that indicates that the router is up and running is:
a. U
Explanation:
a. The "U" flag stands for "Up." It indicates that the route is up and the router is operational.
b. The "G" flag is used for multicast routes.
c. The "H" flag is used for host routes.
d. The "D" flag indicates that the route was created dynamically.
e. The "M" flag is used for modified routes.
So, the correct answer is: a. U.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true for interior routing protocol?
a. All the participating routers are present in the same autonomous system.
b. The participating routers are present in different autonomous systems.
c. Routers in different autonomous systems exchange messages to update their routing tables.
d. Routers in the same autonomous system exchange messages to update their routing tables.
The true statement(s) is/are:
a. All the participating routers are present in the same autonomous system.
d. Routers in the same autonomous system exchange messages to update their routing tables.
Explanation:
a. True. Interior routing protocols are used within the same autonomous system (AS), which is a collection of IP networks and routers under the control of a single organization. These protocols focus on exchanging routing information among routers within the same AS.
b. False. Exterior routing protocols, also known as inter-domain routing protocols, are used for exchanging routing information between different autonomous systems.
c. False. Routers in different autonomous systems exchange messages using exterior routing protocols, not interior routing protocols.
d. True. Routers within the same autonomous system exchange messages using interior routing protocols to update their routing tables and ensure efficient routing within the AS.
So, the correct answers are: a and d.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true for interior routing protocol?
a. All the participating routers are present in the same autonomous system.
b. The participating routers are present in different autonomous systems.
c. Routers in different autonomous systems exchange messages to update their routing tables.
d. Routers in the same autonomous system exchange messages to update their routing tables.
The true statement(s) is/are:
a. All the participating routers are present in the same autonomous system.
d. Routers in the same autonomous system exchange messages to update their routing tables.
Explanation:
a. True. Interior routing protocols are used within the same autonomous system (AS). All the routers participating in the protocol belong to the same AS, which is a collection of IP networks and routers under the control of a single organization. These protocols focus on exchanging routing information among routers within the same AS.
b. False. Interior routing protocols do not involve routers from different autonomous systems.
c. False. Routers in different autonomous systems exchange messages using exterior routing protocols, not interior routing protocols.
d. True. Routers within the same autonomous system exchange messages using interior routing protocols to update their routing tables and ensure efficient routing within the AS.
So, the correct answers are: a and d.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are false for Routing Information Protocol (RIP)?
a. RIP is an example of interior routing protocol.
b. RIP maintains timers to detect failed links.
c. RIP converges faster for large networks.
d. RIP consumes high bandwidth to update routes.
e. None of these.
The true statement(s) is/are:
c. RIP converges faster for large networks.
d. RIP consumes high bandwidth to update routes.
Explanation:
a. False. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is indeed an example of an interior routing protocol. It is used within a single autonomous system (AS) to exchange routing information among routers.
b. True. RIP maintains timers, such as the route timeout and garbage collection timers, to detect failed links or unreachable networks. When a router's timers expire, it marks the corresponding routes as invalid and starts the process of route convergence.
c. False. RIP is known for slower convergence, especially in larger networks. Convergence is the process of updating routing tables to reflect changes in the network topology. RIP's slow convergence can lead to temporary routing loops and inefficient route selection during network changes.
d. True. RIP consumes relatively high bandwidth to update routes. It uses periodic broadcasts to share routing information, which can lead to network congestion and consume more bandwidth compared to some other routing protocols.
e. False. Based on the statements provided, options c and d are true.
So, the correct answers are: c and d.
Which of the following is/are false for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)?
a. BGP allows routers belonging to different autonomous systems to exchange routing information.
b. BGP uses TCP connection to send routing messages.
C. BGP can also be used by routers within the same autonomous systems.
d. BGP sends keepalive messages periodically to ensure that the connection between the BGP peers is alive.
e. None of these.
The true statement(s) is/are:
c. BGP can also be used by routers within the same autonomous systems.
Explanation:
a. True. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is designed for exchanging routing and reachability information between routers that belong to different autonomous systems (ASes). It is the protocol used to connect different ASes on the global Internet.
b. True. BGP uses a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) connection to establish a reliable and persistent connection between BGP peers. This ensures that the routing messages are delivered accurately and without loss.
c. False. BGP is primarily used for inter-domain routing, which means it is used for exchanging routing information between different autonomous systems. It is not typically used for routers within the same autonomous system. Interior routing protocols (e.g., RIP, OSPF) are used for routing within a single AS.
d. True. BGP sends keepalive messages periodically to maintain the connection between BGP peers. This helps ensure that the connection remains active and the BGP routing information stays up to date.
e. False. Based on the statements provided, option c is true.
So, the correct answer is: c. BGP can also be used by routers within the same autonomous systems.
If a packet is to be delivered to a specific host in a network, what kind of address should be used to specify the destination?
a. Unicast address.
b. Broadcast address.
c. Anycast address.
d. None of these.
The correct answer is:
a. Unicast address.
Explanation:
a. Unicast address: A unicast address is used to specify the destination when a packet is intended for a specific host in a network. It uniquely identifies a single network interface among a group of network interfaces.
b. Broadcast address: A broadcast address is used to send a packet to all hosts in a network. It is not used to specify a specific host.
c. Anycast address: An anycast address is used to send a packet to the nearest or best destination among a group of hosts that share the same anycast address.
d. None of these: The correct answer is "a. Unicast address" as it is used for sending packets to a specific host.
So, the correct answer is: a. Unicast address.
Which of the following is not true for IPv6?
a. It uses 32-bit IP addresses.
b. IPv6 address does not have any defined classes.
C. It uses 128-bit IP addresses.
d. None of these.
The correct answer is:
a. It uses 32-bit IP addresses.
Explanation:
a. False. This statement is incorrect. IPv6 uses 128-bit IP addresses, which is a significant increase in address space compared to the 32-bit addresses used in IPv4.
b. True. IPv6 addresses do not have defined classes like IPv4 addresses do. IPv4 addresses are divided into classes (A, B, C, D, E), which were used for addressing purposes. IPv6 uses a different addressing structure without classes.
c. True. This statement is correct. IPv6 uses 128-bit IP addresses, which provides a much larger address space compared to IPv4.
d. None of these: The correct answer is "a. It uses 32-bit IP addresses" as this statement is not true for IPv6.
So, the correct answer is: a. It uses 32-bit IP addresses.
Consider the following routing table in a router. On which interface will an IP packet with destination address 161.44.64.120 be forwarded?
Destination
Subnet Mask
Interface
161.44.0.0
255.255.0.0
161.44.64.0
255.255.224.0
b
161.44.68.0
255.255.255.0
C
161.44.68.64
255.255.255.224
d
Default
e
a. Interface a
b. Interface b
c. Interface c
d. Interface d
e. Interface e
The correct answer is:
b. Interface b
Explanation:
The given IP address is 161.44.64.120. Let's compare it with the entries in the routing table to find the matching entry:
Entry 1: Destination 161.44.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0
Entry 2: Destination 161.44.64.0, Subnet Mask 255.255.224.0
Entry 3: Destination 161.44.68.0, Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Entry 4: Destination 161.44.68.64, Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224
Entry 5: Default (matches all addresses not covered by other entries)
The given IP address falls within the range of Entry 2: 161.44.64.0/19, which has a subnet mask of 255.255.224.0. Therefore, the IP packet with destination address 161.44.64.120 will be forwarded out on Interface b according to the routing table.
So, the correct answer is: b. Interface b.
conclusion:
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